Histopathologic Analysis of Conjunctival Lymphoproliferative Disease After Topical Brimonidine Use was written by Hwang, Hyung Bin;Kim, Sun Young;Ohn, Kyoung;Kim, Su-Young. And the article was included in Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics in 2019.Name: 5-Bromo-N-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)quinoxalin-6-amine (2R,3R)-2,3-dihydroxysuccinate This article mentions the following:
Purpose: To describe of histopathol. findings of conjunctival lymphoproliferative disease (CLD) after topical brimonidine use. Methods: This is a retrospective medical record review study, including histopathol. description. We reviewed the medical records of 208 patients (415 eyes) who were diagnosed with glaucoma and who were treated with topical brimonidine only for a min. of 6 mo. Of these, the medical records of 19 patients with suspected CLD clin. features were reviewed in detail. When CLD was suspected due to administration of brimonidine, histopathol. anal. was performed by biopsy of these lesions. In addition, immunohistochem. staining was performed to analyze lymphocyte markers in some pathol. tissues. Results: Nineteen patients had suspected CLD without definite irritative symptoms. Diffuse elevated (11 patients) or follicular lesion (8 patients) of salmon pink appearance was observed in inferior palpebral conjunctiva. Among these patients, 5 patients who agreed to conjunctival biopsy had histopathol. findings of CLD such as reactive lymphoid hyperplasia (LH) (2 cases) or atypical LH (2 cases). The mean duration of brimonidine use was 29.00 ± 20.25 mo (6-76 mo). And follow-up period after discontinuation of brimonidine was 27.93 ± 11.87 mo (12-58 mo). At the last visit, complete resolution of the lesion was seen in 13 patients, and partial improvement was observed in 6 patients. Conclusions: We found 4 cases of CLD following long-term administration of brimonidine. However, large-scale addnl. studies should be performed to establish causality, to determine whether these novel side effects were caused by long-term brimonidine treatment. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 5-Bromo-N-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)quinoxalin-6-amine (2R,3R)-2,3-dihydroxysuccinate (cas: 70359-46-5Name: 5-Bromo-N-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)quinoxalin-6-amine (2R,3R)-2,3-dihydroxysuccinate).
5-Bromo-N-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)quinoxalin-6-amine (2R,3R)-2,3-dihydroxysuccinate (cas: 70359-46-5) belongs to quinoxaline derivatives. Condensed heterocycles of quinoxalines have become attractive targets in synthetic and medicinal chemistry due to their significant biological activities. Quinoxaline and its analogues may also be formed by reduction of amino acids substituted 1,5-difluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DFDNB),One study used 2-iodoxybenzoic acid (IBX) as a catalyst in the reaction of benzil with 1,2-diaminobenzene.Name: 5-Bromo-N-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)quinoxalin-6-amine (2R,3R)-2,3-dihydroxysuccinate
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Quinoxaline – Wikipedia,
Quinoxaline | C8H6N2 | ChemSpider