Meta-analysis of the efficacy of adjunctive NMDA receptor modulators in chronic schizophrenia was written by Singh, Surendra P.;Singh, Vidhi. And the article was included in CNS Drugs in 2011.COA of Formula: C14H15N3O This article mentions the following:
Background: Based on the glutamatergic NMDA receptor hypofunction theory of schizophrenia, NMDA receptor modulators (NMDARMs) may have therapeutic potential in the treatment of schizophrenia. Objective: This meta-anal. aimed to evaluate the potential of modulators of the NMDA receptor as adjunctive therapy for schizophrenia, using the results from published trials. Data Sources: A primary electronic search for controlled clin. trials using NMDARMs in schizophrenia was conducted on the PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, CINAHL and PsycINFO databases. A secondary manual search of references from primary publications was also performed. Study Selection: Inclusion criteria were the application of an established method of diagnosis, randomized case assignment, comparison of NMDARM add-on therapy with placebo, and double-blind assessment of symptoms in chronic schizophrenia using standardized rating scales. Results were based on a total sample size of 1253 cases from 29 trials that fulfilled the specified criteria. Data Extraction: Scores on rating scales or on their relevant subscales were obtained for all selected studies from published results for the min. dataset to compute the difference between post- and pre-trial scores and their pooled standard deviation for NMDARM add-on therapy and placebo groups for neg., pos. and total symptoms. Results: A neg. standardized mean difference (SMD) indicates therapeutic benefit in favor of NMDARM add-on therapy and all SMD results mentioned here are statistically significant. The overall effect size for NMDARMs as a group was small for neg. (SMD -0.27) and medium for total (SMD -0.40) symptoms of chronic schizophrenia. Subgroup anal. revealed medium effect sizes for D-serine and N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) for neg. (SMD -0.53 and -0.45, resp.) and total (SMD -0.40 and -0.64, resp.) symptoms, and for glycine (SMD -0.66) and sarcosine (SMD -0.41) for total symptoms. As adjuvants to non-clozapine antipsychotics, addnl. therapeutic benefits were observed for NMDARM as a group (SMD -0.14) and glycine (SMD -0.54) for pos. symptoms; D-serine (SMD -0.54), NAC (SMD -0.45) and sarcosine (SMD -0.39) for neg. symptoms; and NMDARM as a group (SMD -0.38), D-serine (SMD -0.40), glycine (SMD -1.12), NAC (SMD -0.64) and sarcosine (SMD -0.53) for total symptoms. When added to clozapine, none of the drugs demonstrated therapeutic potential, while addition of glycine (SMD +0.56) worsened pos. symptoms. Conclusions: Taking into consideration the number of trials and sample size in subgroup analyses, D-serine, NAC and sarcosine as adjuncts to non-clozapine antipsychotics have therapeutic benefit in the treatment of neg. and total symptoms of chronic schizophrenia. While glycine improves pos. and total symptoms as an adjuvant to non-clozapine antipsychotics, it worsens them when added to clozapine. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Piperidin-1-yl(quinoxalin-6-yl)methanone (cas: 154235-83-3COA of Formula: C14H15N3O).
Piperidin-1-yl(quinoxalin-6-yl)methanone (cas: 154235-83-3) belongs to quinoxaline derivatives. Compounds possessing quinoxaline derivatives were bestowed with a variety of significant biological properties such as antiviral, antimalarial, anticancer, DNA intercalation, DNA duplex stabilization, and many others. Modifying quinoxaline structure it is possible to obtain a wide variety of biomedical applications, namely antimicrobial activities and chronic and metabolic diseases treatment.COA of Formula: C14H15N3O
Referemce:
Quinoxaline – Wikipedia,
Quinoxaline | C8H6N2 | ChemSpider