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17O nmr studies, at natural abundance, of substituted quinoxaline-2(1H),3(4H)-diones demonstrate that the 17O chemical shift data can provide new insights into steric and electronic interactions due to long range substituent effects on the aromatic ring. The role of considerable “keto” character and torsion angle deformation of the diamide group in solution is emphasized.

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Derivatives of the nonselective excitatory amino acid antagonist kynurenic acid (4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-2-carboxylic acid, 1) have been synthesized and evaluated for in vitro antagonist activity at the excitatory amino acid receptors sensitive to N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA), quisqualic acid (QUIS or AMPA), and kainic acid (KA).Introduction of substituents at the 5-, 7-, and 5,7-positions resulted in analogues having selective NMDA antagonist action, as a result of blockade of the glycine modulatory (or coagonist) site on the NMDA receptor.Regression analysis suggested a requirement for op timally sized, hydrophobic 5- and 7-substituents, with bulk tolerance being greater at the 5-position.Optimization led to the 5-iodo-7-chloro derivative (53), which is the most potent and selective glycine/NMDA antagonist to date (IC50 vs <3H>glycine binding, 32 nM; IC50’s for other excitatory amino acid receptor sites, >100 muM).Substitution of 1 at the 6-position resulted in compounds having selective non-NMDA antagonism and 8-substituted compounds were inactive at all receptors.The retention of glycine/NMDA antagonist activity in heterocyclic ring modified analogues, such as the oxanilide 69 and the 2-carboxybenzimidazole 70, suggests that the 4-oxo tautomer of 1 and its derivatives is required for activity.Structurally related quinoxaline-2,3-diones are also glycine/NMDA antagonists, but are not selective and are less potent than the 1 derivatives, and additionally show different structure-activity requirements for aromatic ring substitution.On the basis of these results, a model accounting for glycine receptor binding of the 1 derived antagonists is proposed, comprising (a) size-limited, hydrophobic binding of the benzene ring, (b) hydrogen- bond acceptance by the 4-oxo group, (c) hydrogen-bond donation by the 1-amino group, and (d) a Coulombic attraction of the 2-carboxylate.The model can also account for the binding of quinoxaline-2,3-diones, quinoxalic acids, and 2-carboxybenzimidazoles.

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Methods of treating or preventing neuronal loss associated with stroke, ischemia, CNS trauma, hypoglycemia, and surgery, as well as treating neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington’s disease, and Down’s syndrome, treating or preventing the adverse consequences of the hyperactivity of the excitatory amino acids, as well as treating anxiety, chronic pain, convulsions, and inducing anesthesia are disclosed by administering to an animal in need of such treatment an alkyl or azido-substituted 1,4-dihydroquinoxaline-2, 3-dione or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, which have high binding to the glycine receptor.

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We have developed a novel fluorescent scaffold 4 which is a 9-nitro-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrimido[1,2-a]quinoxalin-5-amine derivative from the reaction between di-tert-butyl but-2-ynedioate and a quinoxaline molecule containing a dimethyl amine side tail in high yield. The synthesis of scaffold 4 involves an sp3 C-N bond cleavage mechanism which is not very common. The scaffolds 4 is emissive in the visible range lambdaem ? (517-540) nm with large stokes shifts (5005-6378) cm-1 in ethanol. Laser confocal microscopy of the live HepG2 cells treated with compound 4f shows that it can be used for live cell imaging in nanomolar concentrations.

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Derivatives of the nonselective excitatory amino acid antagonist kynurenic acid (4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-2-carboxylic acid, 1) have been synthesized and evaluated for in vitro antagonist activity at the excitatory amino acid receptors sensitive to N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA), quisqualic acid (QUIS or AMPA), and kainic acid (KA).Introduction of substituents at the 5-, 7-, and 5,7-positions resulted in analogues having selective NMDA antagonist action, as a result of blockade of the glycine modulatory (or coagonist) site on the NMDA receptor.Regression analysis suggested a requirement for op timally sized, hydrophobic 5- and 7-substituents, with bulk tolerance being greater at the 5-position.Optimization led to the 5-iodo-7-chloro derivative (53), which is the most potent and selective glycine/NMDA antagonist to date (IC50 vs <3H>glycine binding, 32 nM; IC50’s for other excitatory amino acid receptor sites, >100 muM).Substitution of 1 at the 6-position resulted in compounds having selective non-NMDA antagonism and 8-substituted compounds were inactive at all receptors.The retention of glycine/NMDA antagonist activity in heterocyclic ring modified analogues, such as the oxanilide 69 and the 2-carboxybenzimidazole 70, suggests that the 4-oxo tautomer of 1 and its derivatives is required for activity.Structurally related quinoxaline-2,3-diones are also glycine/NMDA antagonists, but are not selective and are less potent than the 1 derivatives, and additionally show different structure-activity requirements for aromatic ring substitution.On the basis of these results, a model accounting for glycine receptor binding of the 1 derived antagonists is proposed, comprising (a) size-limited, hydrophobic binding of the benzene ring, (b) hydrogen- bond acceptance by the 4-oxo group, (c) hydrogen-bond donation by the 1-amino group, and (d) a Coulombic attraction of the 2-carboxylate.The model can also account for the binding of quinoxaline-2,3-diones, quinoxalic acids, and 2-carboxybenzimidazoles.

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This paper describes the design and synthesis of a new class of molecules, the 3-sulfonylamino-2-(1H)-quinolones, which are potent and selective antagonists at both the AMPA/kainate site as well as at the NMDA-associated glycine site. The molecules were characterized by their binding affinities to rat cortical membranes and by electrophysiology on Xenopus oocytes injected with mRNA isolated from rat cerebral cortex. The most potent compound 61 has an IC50 of 0.09 muM for binding at the AMPA/kainate site, and 0.16 muM in oocyte electrophysiology.

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Some new 1,5-dihydro<1,2,4>ditriazolo<4,3-a:3',4'-c>quinoxaline-1,6-diones (IV) have been prepared and tested for their antiallergic, antimicrobial, antiprotozoal and anthelmintic activities.Compounds IVe,d,f are found to posess promising egg albumin-induced rat passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) activity by showing more than 90percent inhibition at 50 mg/kg dose

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Methods of treating or preventing neuronal loss associated with stroke, ischemia, CNS trauma, hypoglycemia, and surgery, as well as treating neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington’s disease, and Down’s syndrome, treating or preventing the adverse consequences of the hyperactivity of the excitatory amino acids, as well as treating anxiety, chronic pain, convulsions, and inducing anesthesia are disclosed by administering to an animal in need of such treatment an alkyl or azido-substituted 1,4-dihydroquinoxaline-2, 3-dione or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, which have high binding to the glycine receptor.

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In homogeneous catalysis, the catalyst is in the same phase as the reactant. The number of collisions between reactants and catalyst is at a maximum.In a patent, 2379-56-8, name is 6-Nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione, introducing its new discovery. Formula: C8H3N3O4

Synthesis of Pyrido<1',2':1,2>imidazo<4,5-b>quinoxalines

Synthesis of pyrido<1',2':1,2>imidazo<4,5-b>quinoxalines by the facile cyclizations of 2,3-dichloroquinoxalines with 2-aminopyridines and of 2-amino-3-chloroquinoxalines with various substituted pyridines is described.

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A direct method for oxidizing quinoxaline, tetraazaphenanthrene, and hexaazatriphenylene moieties using hypervalent lambda3-iodinane compounds

An efficient oxidation reaction of various electron-poor quinoxaline-core-containing compounds, such as quinoxalines, 1,4,5,8-tetraazaphenanthrenes, and 1,4,5,8,9,12-hexaazatriphenylene, using [bis(trifluoroacetoxy)iodo]benzene is reported. These compounds are converted into the corresponding quinoxalinediones in good to high yields at room temperature using an acetonitrile/water solvent mixture. This unprecedented reaction should enable the synthesis of a wide variety of compounds useful in several fields of chemistry.

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