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Specific inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum thioredoxin reductase as potential antimalarial agents

Plasmodium falciparum thioredoxin reductase (PfTrxR: NADPH + Trx(S) 2 + H+ ? NADP+ + Trx(SH)2) is a high Mr flavin-dependent TrxR that reduces thioredoxin (Trx) via a CysXXXXCys pair located penultimately to the C-terminal Gly. In this respect, PfTrxR differs significantly from its human counterpart which bears a Cys-Sec redox pair at the same position. PfTrxR is essentially involved in antioxidant defense and redox regulation of the parasite and has been previously validated by knock-out studies as a potential drug target for malaria chemotherapy. Moreover, human TrxR is present in most cancer cells at levels tenfold higher than in normal cells. Here we report the discovery of a series of potent inhibitors of PfTrxR. The three most promising inhibitors, 3 (IC50PfTrxR=2muMandIC50hTrxR=50muM), 7 (IC50PfTrxR=2muMandIC50hTrxR= 140muM), and 11 (IC50PfTrxR=0.5muMandIC50hTrxR=4muM) were selective for the parasite enzyme. Detailed mechanistic characterization of the effects of these compounds on the PfTrxR-catalyzed reaction showed clear uncompetitive inhibition with respect to both substrate and cofactor. For the most specific PfTrxR inhibitor 7, an alkylation mechanism study based on a thiol conjugation model was performed. Furthermore, all three compounds were active in the lower micromolar range on the chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum strain K1 in vitro.

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REGIOSELECTIVITY IN THE REACTION OF NITROQUINOXALINE-N-OXIDES WITH PHOSPHORYL CHLORIDE

6-nitro-, 2-methyl-6-nitro- and 2,3-dimethyl-6-nitroquinoxaline have been transformed into their N-oxides by MCPBA in chloroform; the nitro group orients the oxygen atom preferentially to nitrogen atom N1, but the N4:N1 selectivity is diminished in the methylated derivatives.Under the action of POCl3 (the Meisenheimer reaction), the N-oxides of the unmethylated compounds are transformed into chloro-nitroquinoxalines having lost the N-oxide oxygen atom.The orientation of the entering chloride ion is discussed on the basis of electronic effects induced by the N-oxide and nitro groups, and it is suggested that the last step, the elimination of “HPO2Cl2” is a concerted process.

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New 6-Aminoquinoxaline Derivatives with Neuroprotective Effect on Dopaminergic Neurons in Cellular and Animal Parkinson Disease Models

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder of aging characterized by motor symptoms that result from the loss of midbrain dopamine neurons and the disruption of dopamine-mediated neurotransmission. There is currently no curative treatment for this disorder. To discover druggable neuroprotective compounds for dopamine neurons, we have designed and synthesized a second-generation of quinoxaline-derived molecules based on structure-activity relationship studies, which led previously to the discovery of our first neuroprotective brain penetrant hit compound MPAQ (5c). Neuroprotection assessment in PD cellular models of our newly synthesized quinoxaline-derived compounds has led to the selection of a better hit compound, PAQ (4c). Extensive in vitro characterization of 4c showed that its neuroprotective action is partially attributable to the activation of reticulum endoplasmic ryanodine receptor channels. Most interestingly, 4c was able to attenuate neurodegeneration in a mouse model of PD, making this compound an interesting drug candidate for the treatment of this disorder.

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6- endo -dig Cycloisomerization of N -Propargyl Aminoquinoxalines: A New Route to 1,4,8-Triazaphenanthrenes

We report the preparation of novel 1,4,8-triazaphenanthrenes and show that the target compounds are efficiently obtained from the corresponding 6-aminoquinoxalines after N-propargylation followed by copper-catalyzed 6-endo-dig cycloisomerization and aromatization. The cyclization was found to be completely regioselective.

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PHENYL CARBOXAMIDE AND SULFONAMIDE DERIVATIVES FOR USE AS 11-BETA-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE

There is provided a compound having Formula (I) R1-Z-R2 Formula (I) wherein R1 is an optionally substituted phenyl ring; R2 is or comprises an optionally substituted aromatic ring; and Z is -X-Y-L- or -Y-X-L- wherein either X is selected from -S(=O)(=O)- and -C(=O)-, and Y is -NR3-; or X is selected from -S(=O)(=O)- and -S-, and Y is -C(R4)(R5)-; L is an optional linker; and R3, R4 and R5 are each independently selected from H and hydrocarbyl; and wherein when R2 comprises the following structural moiety, Formula (II) wherein Q is an atom selected from the group consisting of S, O, N and C; the compound is selected from compounds of the formulae R1-C(=O)-NR3-L-R2; R1-S(=O)(=O)-C(R4)(R5)-L-R2; R1-S-C(R4)(R5)-L-R2; R1-NR3-S(=O)(=O)-L-R2; R1-NR3-C(=O)-L-R2; R1-C(R4)(R5)-S(=O)(=O)-L-R2; and R1-C(R4)(R5)-S-L-R2. These compounds are useful as 11beta-hydroxysteriod dehydrogenase inhibitors in the treatment of i.a. diabetes.

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INHIBITORS OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE

The invention relates to a series of compounds useful for inhibiting histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzymatic activity. The invention also provides a method for inhibiting histone descetylase in a cell using said compounds as well as a method for treating cell proliferative diseases and conditions using said HDAC inhibitors. Further, the invention provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising the HDAC inhibiting compounds and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

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Electroreduction and acid-base properties of dipyrrolylquinoxalines

The electroreduction and acid-base properties of dipyrrolylquinoxalines of the form H2DPQ, H2DPQ(NO2), and H 2DPQ(NO2)2 were investigated in benzonitrile (PhCN) containing 0.1 M tetra-n-butylammonium perchlorate (TBAP). This study focuses on elucidating the complete electrochemistry, spectroelectrochemistry, and acid-base properties of H2DPQ(NO2)n (n = 0, 1, or 2) in PhCN before and after the addition of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), tetra-n-butylammonium hydroxide (TBAOH), tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride (TBAF), or tetra-n-butylammonium acetate (TBAOAc) to solution. Electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical data provide support for the formation of a monodeprotonated anion after disproportionation of a dipyrrolylquinoxaline radical anion produced initially. The generated monoanion is then further reduced in two reversible one-electron-transfer steps at more negative potentials in the case of H2DPQ(NO2) and H 2DPQ(NO2)2. Electrochemically monitored titrations of H2DPQ(NO2)n with OH-, F-, or OAc- (in the form of TBA+X- salts) give rise to the same monodeprotonated H2DPQ(NO 2)n produced during electroreduction in PhCN. This latter anion can then be reduced in two additional one-electron-transfer steps in the case of H2DPQ(NO2) and H2DPQ(NO 2)2. Spectroscopically monitored titrations of H 2DPQ(NO2)n with X- show a 1:2 stoichiometry and provide evidence for the production of both [H 2DPQ(NO2)n]- and XHX-. The spectroscopically measured equilibrium constants range from log beta2 = 5.3 for the reaction of H2DPQ with TBAOAc to log beta2 = 8.8 for the reaction of H2DPQ(NO 2)2 with TBAOH. These results are consistent with a combined deprotonation and anion binding process. Equilibrium constants for the addition of one H+ to each quinoxaline nitrogen of H2DPQ, H2DPQ(NO2), and H2DPQ(NO2) 2 in PhCN containing 0.1 M TBAP were also determined via electrochemical and spectroscopic means; this gave rise to log beta2 values ranging from 0.7 to 4.6, depending upon the number of nitro substituents present on the H2DPQ core. The redox behavior of the H2DPQ(NO2)n compounds of the present study were further analyzed through comparisons with simple quinoxalines that lack the two linked pyrrole groups, i.e., Q(NO2)n where n = 0, 1, or 2. It is concluded that the pyrrolic substituents play a critical role in regulating the electrochemical and spectroscopic features of DPQs.

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Hair dye compositions and certain 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronitroquinoxalines useful therein

The invention relates to the use of compounds corresponding to formula (I) STR1 in which one of the substituents R1 or R2 is a nitro group while the other is hydrogen, halogen, an amino group, a mono- or dialkylamino group containing C1-4 alkyl groups, a C1-4 alkyl or alkoxy group, R3 and R4 independently of one another represent hydrogen or a C1-4 alkyl group, A is a >CHR6 – or a >C=O- group, where R6 is hydrogen or a C1-4 alkyl group, and R5 is hydrogen or a C1-4 alkyl group, or salts thereof as substantive dyes in hair-dyeing compositions. When the substituent groups in formula I represent one of the combinations I-IV shown in the table below, the compounds are novel and are useful in hair-dyeing compositions. ______________________________________R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 A______________________________________I: H NO2 H CH3 H CH2II: H NO2 CH3 CH3 H CH2III: NH2 NO2 H H H CH2IV: H NO2 H H CH3 CH2.______________________________________

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Novel highly regioselective syntheses of unsymmetrical 2,3-disubstituted quinoxalines

Non-symmetrical 2,3-disubstituted quinoxalines are not easily obtained in good yields because of the lack of regioselectivity of the Hinsberg condensation, or the large number of steps required for achieving their preparation. Two efficient methods leading to non-symmetrical 2,3-disubstituted quinoxalines, carried out in smooth conditions, have been developed in our laboratory. These methods enable the synthesis of pharmacologically active quinoxaline derivatives.

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Vicarious Nucleophilic Substitution of Hydrogen versus Bis – Annulation in the Reaction of Chloromethyl Aryl Sulfone Carbanion with Electrophilic Arenes

The carbanion of chloromethyl aryl sulfone reacts with 1-Cyanonaphthalene to form a bis-annulated product whereas with 1-nitronaphthalene vicarious nucleophilic substitution of hydrogen takes place.This result and the bis-annulation of quinoxalines and naphthyridines which was reported earlier are rationalized in terms of the negative charge delocalization in the intermediate ?-adducts.

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