Heterocyclic Building Blocks-quinoxaline

Reinhart, Peter H.; Kaltenbach, Linda S.; Essrich, Christian; Dunn, Denise E.; Eudailey, Joshua A.; DeMarco, C. Todd; Turmel, Gregory J.; Whaley, Jennifer C.; Wood, Andrew; Cho, Seongeun; Lo, Donald C. published the artcile< Identification of anti-inflammatory targets for Huntington's disease using a brain slice-based screening assay>, Synthetic Route of 163769-88-8, the main research area is Huntington disease antiinflammatory target brain slice screening assay.

Huntington’s disease (HD) is a late-onset, neurodegenerative disease for which there are currently no cures nor disease-modifying treatments. Here we report the identification of several potential anti-inflammatory targets for HD using an ex vivo model of HD that involves the acute transfection of human mutant huntington-based constructs into rat brain slices. This model recapitulates key components of the human disease, including the formation of intracellular huntington protein (HTT)-containing inclusions and the progressive neurodegeneration of striatal neurons-both occurring within the native tissue context of these neurons. Using this “”high-throughput biol.”” screening platform, we conducted a hypothesis-neutral screen of a collection of drug-like compounds which identified several anti-inflammatory targets that provided neuroprotection against HTT fragment-induced neurodegeneration. The nature of these targets provide further support for non-cell autonomous mechanisms mediating significant aspects of neuropathogenesis induced by mutant HTT fragment proteins.

Neurobiology of Disease published new progress about Adenosine A2A receptors Role: BSU (Biological Study, Unclassified), BIOL (Biological Study). 163769-88-8 belongs to class quinoxaline, and the molecular formula is C22H21N3O2, Synthetic Route of 163769-88-8.

Referemce:
Quinoxaline – Wikipedia,
Quinoxaline | C8H6N2 | ChemSpider

Arienzo, Rosa; Cramp, Sue; Dyke, Hazel J.; Lockey, Peter M.; Norman, Dennis; Roach, Alan G.; Smith, Phil; Wong, Melanie; Wren, Stephen P. published the artcile< Quinazoline and benzimidazole MCH-1R antagonists>, Category: quinoxaline, the main research area is quinazoline derivative preparation MCH 1R antagonist; benzimidazole derivative preparation MCH 1R antagonist.

Two novel series of MCH-1R antagonists were obtained by modification of previous reported 2-aminoquinoline derivatives Representative quinazoline compound I and benzimidazole derivative II were shown to be potent and selective, with promising in vitro eADME profiles.

Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters published new progress about Amidation. 6272-25-9 belongs to class quinoxaline, and the molecular formula is C8H4ClN3O2, Category: quinoxaline.

Referemce:
Quinoxaline – Wikipedia,
Quinoxaline | C8H6N2 | ChemSpider

Seitz, Lainne E.; Suling, William J.; Reynolds, Robert C. published the artcile< Synthesis and Antimycobacterial Activity of Pyrazine and Quinoxaline Derivatives>, Related Products of 5182-90-1, the main research area is benzyl pyrazinecarboxylate preparation antimycobacterial activity; quinoxalinecarboxylate benzyl preparation antimycobacterial activity.

A series of pyrazine and quinoxaline derivatives have been synthesized, and their activity against M. tuberculosis (Mtb) and Mycobacterium avium (MAC) are reported. The 4-acetoxybenzyl ester of pyrazinoic acid (I) and 4′-acetoxybenzyl 2-quinoxalinecarboxylate (II) showed excellent activity against Mtb (MIC ranges of less than 1-6.25 μg/mL) but only modest activity against MAC (MICs of 4-32 μg/mL).

Journal of Medicinal Chemistry published new progress about Aralkyl alcohols Role: RCT (Reactant), RACT (Reactant or Reagent). 5182-90-1 belongs to class quinoxaline, and the molecular formula is C9H7N3O, Related Products of 5182-90-1.

Referemce:
Quinoxaline – Wikipedia,
Quinoxaline | C8H6N2 | ChemSpider

Wakelin, Laurence P. G.; Waring, Michael J. published the artcile< The binding of echinomycin to deoxyribonucleic acid>, Computed Properties of 5182-90-1, the main research area is DNA echinomycin binding.

Association constants for the binding of echinomycin (I) [512-64-1] to 9 double-helical DNA species from different sources varied by a factor of approx. 10 but were not simply related to the gross base composition The interaction of I with DNA was ionic strength dependent and the enthalpy of interaction was approx. -13 kJ/mole. I interacted strongly with some synthetic polydeoxynucleotides, having the highest affinity for polymers rich in deoxyguanine and deoxycytosine nucleotides. I altered the supercoiling of closed circular duplex bacteriophage PM2 DNA in the same way as that of intercalating drugs. At low ionic strength (0.01M), the interaction was bifunctional, but at higher ionic strength (0.5M) the intercalation became more monofunctional. Quinoxaline-2-carboxamide [5182-90-1] and Bayer 7602 [13988-23-3] showed only weak interactions with DNA, indicating that the peptide portion of I is important in determining the strength and specificity of the interaction.

Biochemical Journal published new progress about DNA Role: FORM (Formation, Nonpreparative). 5182-90-1 belongs to class quinoxaline, and the molecular formula is C9H7N3O, Computed Properties of 5182-90-1.

Referemce:
Quinoxaline – Wikipedia,
Quinoxaline | C8H6N2 | ChemSpider

Gut, Philipp; Stainier, Didier Y. R. published the artcile< Whole-Organism Screening for Modulators of Fasting Metabolism Using Transgenic Zebrafish>, COA of Formula: C22H21N3O2, the main research area is small mol high throughput screening fasting metabolism zebrafish review.

A review. Organismal energy homeostasis is maintained by complex interorgan communications making the discovery of novel drugs against metabolic diseases challenging using traditional high-throughput approaches in vitro. Here, we describe a method that rapidly identifies small mols. with an impact on organismal energy balance in vivo. Specifically, we developed a whole-organism screen for modulators of fasting metabolism using transgenic bioluminescence-reporter zebrafish for the gluconeogenic gene phosphoenolpyruvate-carboxykinase 1 (pck1).

Methods in Molecular Biology (New York, NY, United States) published new progress about Bioluminescence. 163769-88-8 belongs to class quinoxaline, and the molecular formula is C22H21N3O2, COA of Formula: C22H21N3O2.

Referemce:
Quinoxaline – Wikipedia,
Quinoxaline | C8H6N2 | ChemSpider

Ma, Xuexiang; Zhao, Xia; Zhu, Rongxiu; Zhang, Dongju published the artcile< Computational Study on Why and How of Nonconventional meta-C-H Arylation of Electron-Rich Arenes via Pd/Quinoxaline-Based Ligand/Norbornene Cooperative Catalysis>, Category: quinoxaline, the main research area is electron rich arene arylation palladium quinoxaline norbornene cooperative catalysis.

By performing d. functional theory (DFT) calculation, this work aims at understanding the nonconventional meta-C-H arylation reaction of electron-rich arenes with aryl iodide via a Pd/quinoxaline-based ligand/norbornene cooperative catalysis. The reaction is indicated to be initiated either from the ortho-C-H carbopalladation to give the meta-monoarylation product via a sequence of subsequent steps, including norbornene insertion, meta-C-H activation, oxidative addition, and reductive elimination via the Pd(II)/Pd(IV)/Pd(II) redox cycle, norbornene extrusion, and protodepalladation, or from the para-C-H carbopalladation to form the meta-diarylation product via two sequential arylation processes following similar mechanisms. The initial carbopalladation process promoted by the ligand is characterized as the rate-determining step of the reaction. The calculated mechanism shows the distinct role of the norbornene as a transient mediator that enables the final C-H arylation at the same meta-position wherever the initial carbopalladation occurs at either ortho- or para-position. The Pd/ligand/norbornene cooperative catalysis is essential for achieving the exclusive meta-selectivity of the C-H arylation of electron-rich arenes.

Journal of Organic Chemistry published new progress about Arylation catalysts. 23088-24-6 belongs to class quinoxaline, and the molecular formula is C9H5N3, Category: quinoxaline.

Referemce:
Quinoxaline – Wikipedia,
Quinoxaline | C8H6N2 | ChemSpider

Morokata, Tatsuaki; Suzuki, Keiko; Ida, Kenji; Tsuchiyama, Hirotaka; Ishikawa, Jun; Yamada, Toshimitsu published the artcile< Effect of a novel interleukin-5 receptor antagonist, YM-90709 (2,3-dimethoxy-6,6-dimethyl-5,6-dihydrobenzo[7,8]indolizino[2,3-b]quinoxaline), on antigen-induced airway inflammation in BN rats>, Category: quinoxaline, the main research area is interleukin receptor antagonist YM90709 dimethoxydimethyldihydrobenzoindolizinoquinoxaline antigen airway inflammation.

Interleukin-5 (IL-5) plays an important role in the activation of eosinophils in the allergic inflammation in conditions such as asthma, rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis. A newly synthesized compound, YM-90709 (2,3-dimethoxy-6,6-dimethyl-5,6-dihydrobenzo[7,8]indolizino[2,3-b]quinoxaline), was previously reported to inhibit the binding of IL-5 to its receptor (R) on human eosinophils and eosinophilic HL-60 clone 15 cells. However, it did not inhibit the binding of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) to its receptor on the same cells. In this study, the i.v. injection of YM-90709 resulted in the inhibition of antigen-induced infiltration of eosinophils and lymphocytes, but not neutrophils or monocytes, into the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of Brown-Norway (BN) rats, with ED50 values of 0.32 mg/kg and 0.12 mg/kg, resp. Two glucocorticoids, dexamethasone and prednisolone, inhibited neutrophil, eosinophil, and lymphocyte infiltration into the BALF. However, both significantly reduced the number of peripheral blood leukocytes and bone marrow leukocytes. In contrast, YM-90709 did not affect the peripheral blood leukocytes or the bone marrow leukocytes. These results indicate that, in this model, YM-90709, which is a novel IL-5 R antagonist, inhibits antigen-induced eosinophil and lymphocyte recruitment into the airway, without any suppressive effects on peripheral blood leukocytes or bone marrow leukocytes, in contrast to the glucocorticoids.

International Immunopharmacology published new progress about Antigens Role: ADV (Adverse Effect, Including Toxicity), BIOL (Biological Study). 163769-88-8 belongs to class quinoxaline, and the molecular formula is C22H21N3O2, Category: quinoxaline.

Referemce:
Quinoxaline – Wikipedia,
Quinoxaline | C8H6N2 | ChemSpider

Morokata, Tatsuaki; Ida, Kenji; Yamada, Toshimitsu published the artcile< Characterization of YM-90709 as a novel antagonist which inhibits the binding of interleukin-5 to interleukin-5 receptor>, Recommanded Product: YM-90709, the main research area is YM90709 IL5 receptor eosinophil.

Interleukin-5 (IL-5) plays an important role in the activation of eosinophils in allergic inflammation including asthma and atopic dermatitis. A newly synthesized compound, YM-90709, 2,3-dimethoxy-6,6-dimethyl-5,6-dihydrobenzo[7,8]indolizino[2,3-b]quinoxaline, is reported here to inhibit the binding of IL-5 to its receptor on peripheral human eosinophils and butyric acid-treated eosinophilic HL-60 clone 15 cells, with IC50 values of 1.0 and 0.57 μM, resp. In contrast, YM-90709 did not affect the binding of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) to its receptor on eosinophils and eosinophilic HL-60 clone 15 cells. In functional assays, YM-90709 inhibited IL-5-prolonged eosinophil survival with an IC50 value of 0.45 μM and did not affect the GM-CSF-prolonged eosinophil survival. Furthermore, YM-90709 inhibited the IL-5-induced but not GM-CSF-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) in eosinophilic HL-60 clone 15 cells. These results indicate that YM-90709 is a novel IL-5 inhibitor which selectively blocks the binding of IL-5 to the IL-5 receptor (IL-5R).

International Immunopharmacology published new progress about Eosinophil. 163769-88-8 belongs to class quinoxaline, and the molecular formula is C22H21N3O2, Recommanded Product: YM-90709.

Referemce:
Quinoxaline – Wikipedia,
Quinoxaline | C8H6N2 | ChemSpider

Hirota, Takashi; Namba, Tetsuto; Sasaki, Kenji published the artcile< Polycyclic N-hetero compounds. XXII. Reaction of pyridine N-oxides and pyrazine di-N-oxides with formamide>, Recommanded Product: Quinoxaline-2-carboxamide, the main research area is carbamoylation pyrazine dioxide formamide; pyrazinecarboxamide; quinoline oxide carbamoylation formamide; quinoxaline dioxide carbamoylation formamide; lutidine oxide carbamoylation formamide.

Quinoxaline 1,4-dioxides and pyrazine 1,4-dioxide were heated with HCONH2 to give quinoxalinecarboxamides and pyrazinecarboxamide. Similarly, 2,6-dimethylpyridine 1-oxide gave 2,6-dimethylisonicotinamide. 2,4-Dimethylquinoline 1-oxide gave 2,4-dimethyl-5-quinoxalinecarboxamide and 4-methyl-2-(5-pyrimidinyl)quinoline.

Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry published new progress about Carbamoylation. 5182-90-1 belongs to class quinoxaline, and the molecular formula is C9H7N3O, Recommanded Product: Quinoxaline-2-carboxamide.

Referemce:
Quinoxaline – Wikipedia,
Quinoxaline | C8H6N2 | ChemSpider

Hazeldine, Stuart T.; Polin, Lisa; Kushner, Juiwanna; Paluch, Jennifer; White, Kathryn; Edelstein, Matthew; Palomino, Eduardo; Corbett, Thomas H.; Horwitz, Jerome P. published the artcile< Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Analogues of the Antitumor Agent, 2-{4-[(7-Chloro-2-quinoxalinyl)oxy]phenoxy}propionic Acid (XK469)>, Application In Synthesis of 89898-96-4, the main research area is chloroquinoxalinyloxyphenoxypropionic acid structure antitumor; quinoxalinyloxyphenoxypropionic acid antitumor preparation.

2-{4-[(7-Chloro-2-quinoxalinyl)oxy]phenoxy}propionic acid (XK469) I is among the most highly and broadly active antitumor agents to have been evaluated and scheduled to enter clin. trials in 2001. The mechanism or mechanisms of action of I remain to be elaborated. Accordingly, an effort was initiated to establish a pharmacophore hypothesis to delineate the requirements of the active site, via a comprehensive program of synthesis of analogs of I and evaluation of the effects of structural modification(s) on solid tumor activity. The strategy formulated chose to dissect the two-dimensional parent structure into three regions: I, ring A of quinoxaline; II, the hydroquinone connector linkage; and III, the lactic acid moiety-to determine the resultant in vitro and in vivo effects of chem. alterations in each region. Neither the A-ring unsubstituted nor the B-ring 3-chloro-regioisomer of I showed antitumor activity. The modulating antitumor effect(s) of substituents of differing electronegativities, located at the several sites comprising the A-ring of region I, were next ascertained. Thus, a halogen substituent, located at the 7-position of a 2-{4-[(2-quinoxalinyl)oxy]phenoxy}propionic acid, generated the most highly and broadly active antitumor agents. A Me, methoxy, or an azido substituent at this site generated a much less active structure, whereas 5-, 6-, 8-chloro-, 6-, 7-nitro, and 7-amino derivatives all proved to be essentially inactive. When the connector linkage (region II) of I was changed from that of a hydroquinone to either a resorcinol or a catechol derivative, all antitumor activity was lost. Of the carboxylic acid derivatives of I (region III), i.e., CONH2, CONHMe, CONMe2, CONHOH, CONHNH2, CN, or CN4H (tetrazole), only the monomethyl- and N,N-dimethylamides proved to be active.

Journal of Medicinal Chemistry published new progress about Antitumor agents. 89898-96-4 belongs to class quinoxaline, and the molecular formula is C8H5N3O3, Application In Synthesis of 89898-96-4.

Referemce:
Quinoxaline – Wikipedia,
Quinoxaline | C8H6N2 | ChemSpider